clinical references

The scientific validity of tests performed at The Great Plains Laboratory, LLC can be found in clinical studies and professional research papers. Such resources provide evidence for the practitioner to support the principles of testing outside of routine lab work. The observational data gleaned from these and other peer-reviewed journals can help the practitioner to determine the most suitable tests and treatment options for patients. The information may also provide important conclusions about the significance of biomedical testing when filing appeals to insurance. For your convenience, this page is continually updated to include the most current and cutting-edge research in the field.

IgG ALLERGY & IMMUNODEFICIENCY

• Immunodeficiency, Gastrointestinal Candidiasis, Wheat and Dairy Sensitivity, Abnormal Urine Arabinose, and Autism: A Case Study

• Allergy and the chronic fatigue syndrome

• Food Allergy in Cystic Fibrosis

• Treating Irritable Bowel Syndrome with a Food Elimination Diet Followed by Food Challenge and Probiotics

• Exposure to cow’s milk during the first 3 months of life is associated with increased levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin to 8 years

• Food elimination based on IgG antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

• The gut-joint axis: cross reactive food antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis

• Milk hypersensitivity in young adults

• A vegan diet free of gluten improves the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: the effects on arthritis correlate with a reduction in antibodies to food antigens

• Association of genes within the major histocompatibility complex with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

• Immunogenetic studies in autism and related disorders

• Increased serum albumin, gamma globulin, immunoglobulin IgG, and IgG2 and IgG4 in autism

• Gastrointestinal manifestations of primary immunodeficiency disorders

• Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine as a Potential Cause of Encephalitis (Brain Inflammation) in Children

• An evaluation of serious neurological disorders following immunization: a comparison of whole cell pertussis and acellular pertussis vaccines

• Genetic and immunologic considerations in autism

• Reduced Natural Killer Cell activity in Autism

• Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism

• Immune abnormalities in patients with autism

• Depressed Lymphocyte responsiveness in autistic children

• Immunologic abnormalities in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

• Immunodeficiency, gastrointestinal Candidiasis, wheat and dairy sensitivity, abnormal urine arabinose, and autism: A case study

• Anderson S, Wakeley P, Wibberley G, et al. Development and evaluation of a Luminex multiplex serology assay to detect antibodies to bovine herpes virus 1, parainfluenza 3 virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus, with comparison to existing ELISA detection methods. J Immunol Methods 2011;366:79-88.

• Gimenez-Lirola LG, Jiang Y-H, Sun D, et al. Simultaneous Detection of Antibodies against Apx Toxins ApxI, ApxII, ApxIII, and ApxIV in Pigs with Known and Unknown Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Exposure Using a Multiplexing Liquid Array Platform. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014;21(1):85-95.

• Langenhorst RJ, Lawson S, Kittawornrat A, et al. Development of a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay for detection of antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus using oral fluid samples as an alternative to serum-based assays. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012;19(2):180-9.

• Smits GP, van Gageldonk PG, Schouls LM, et al. Development of a Bead- Based Multiplex Immunoassay for Simultaneous Quantitative Detection of IgG Serum Antibodies against Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella- Zoster Virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2012;19(3):396-400.

calcium + Magnesium

• Guyton, Arthur. Textbook of Medical Physiology,3rd edition. WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, 1966,pgs1100-1118.

• Fleming, CR, et al. The importance of urinary magnesium values in patients with gut failure. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 1996 Jan;71(1):21-4.

• Hediger ML, England LJ,Molloy CA, Yu KF, Manning-Courtney P, Mills JL. Reduced bone cortical thickness in boys with autism or autism spectrum disorder. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(5):848–856

• Coleman, M. Clinical presentations of patients with autism and hypocalcinuria. Develop. Brain Dys. 7: 63-70, 1994

• Caudarella R, Vescini F, Buffa A, Stefoni S. Citrate and mineral metabolism: kidney stones and bone disease. Front Biosci. 2003 Sep 1;8:s1084-106.

GENETIC TESTING

• Biello D, Harmon K. Tools for Life. Sci Am. 2010;303:17-18.

• Marian AJ. Sequencing your genome: what does it mean? Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2014;10(1):3-6.

• McCarthy DJ, Humburg P, Kanapin A, et al. Choice of transcripts and software has a large effect on variant annotation. Genome Med. 2014;6(3):26.

• Sanger F, Nicklen S, Coulson AR. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977;74(12):5463-5467.

• Livak KJ, Flood SJ, Marmaro J, Giusti W, Deetz K. Oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes at opposite ends provide a quenched probe system useful for detecting PCR product and nucleic acid hybridization. PCR Methods Appl. 1995;4(6):357-362.

• Shi MM, Myrand SP, Bleavins MR, de la Iglesia FA. High throughput genotyping for the detection of a single nucleotide polymorphism in NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (DT diaphorase) using TaqMan probes. Mol Pathol. 1999;52(5):295-299.

• Lin B, Wang J, Cheng Y. Recent Patents and Advances in the Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies. Recent Pat Biomed Eng. 2008;2008(1):60-67.

• Wiemels JL, Smith RN, Taylor GM, et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and risk of molecularly defined subtypes of childhood acute leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(7):4004-4009.

• Deloughery TG, Evans A, Sadeghi A, et al. Common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Correlation with homocysteine metabolism and late-onset vascular disease. Circulation. 1996;94(12):3074-3078.

• Craddock N, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC. The catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) gene as a candidate for psychiatric phenotypes: evidence and lessons. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11(5):446-458.

• Guengerich FP. Mechanisms of drug toxicity and relevance to pharmaceutical development. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2011;26(1):3-14.

• Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6): clinical consequences, evolutionary aspects and functional diversity. Pharmacogenomics J. 2005;5(1):6-13.

• Ingelman-Sundberg M. Genetic susceptibility to adverse effects of drugs and environmental toxicants. The role of the CYP family of enzymes. Mutat Res. 2001;482(1-2):11-19.

• Kalra BS. Cytochrome P450 enzyme isoforms and their therapeutic implications: an update. Indian J Med Sci. 2007;61(2):102-116.

• Rutter M. Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94(1):2-15.

• Sanders SJ, He X, Willsey AJ, et al. Insights into Autism Spectrum Disorder Genomic Architecture and Biology from 71 Risk Loci. Neuron. 2015;87(6):1215-1233.

• Iossifov I, O'Roak BJ, Sanders SJ, et al. The contribution of de novo coding mutations to autism spectrum disorder. Nature. 2014;515(7526):216-221.

• De Rubeis S, He X, Goldberg AP, et al. Synaptic, transcriptional and chromatin genes disrupted in autism. Nature. 2014;515(7526):209-215.

• Hall BM, Walsh JC, Horvath JS, Lytton DG. Peripheral neuropathy complicating primary hyperoxaluria. J Neurol Sci. 1976;29(2-4):343-349.

• Poore RE, Hurst CH, Assimos DG, Holmes RP. Pathways of hepatic oxalate synthesis and their regulation. Am J Physiol. 1997;272(1 Pt 1):C289-29

CLOSTRIDIA

• Beatty, H. Botulism. In: Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 10th edition, ed. R. Petersdorf, et al. McGraw Hill. New York. 1983. Pages 1009-1013.

• Meyer, K.F. and Lang, O.W. A highly heat-resistant sporulating anaerobic bacterium: Clostridium caloritolerans, N. SP. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 39, No. 4 (Oct., 1926), pp. 321-327

• Chalmers, R.A., Valman. H.B., and Liberman, M.M., Measurement of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic aciduria as a screening test for small-bowel disease. Clin Chem 25:1791, 1979

• Carrico, R.M. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) Implementation Guide to Preventing Clostridium difficile Infections https://apic.org/Resource_/EliminationGuideForm/59397fc6-3f90-43d1-9325-e8be75d86888/File/2013CDiffFinal.pdf

• Sivsammye, G. and Sims, H.V. Presumptive identification of Clostridium difficile by detection of p-cresol (4-cresol) in prepared peptone yeast glucose broth supplemented with p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. J Clin Microbiol. Aug 1990; 28(8): 1851–1853.

• Phua, T.J., Rogers, T.R., and Pallett, A.P. Prospective study of Clostridium difficile colonization and paracresol detection in the stools of babies on a special care unit. J. Hyg., Camb. (1984). 93. 17-25 17

• Yokoyama, M. T., Tabori, C., Miller, E. R. and Hogberg, M. G. (1982). The effects of antibiotics in the weanling pig diet on growth and the excretion of volatile phenolic and aromatic bacterial metabolites. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35, 1417-1424.

• Persico, A.M. and Napolioni, V. Urinary p-cresol (4-cresol) in autism spectrum disorder. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 36 (2012) 82–90

• Wells, J.M. and Allison, C. Molecular genetics of intestinal anaerobes. In: Human Colonic Bacteria. Role in Nutrition, Physiology, and Pathology. Gibson and MacFarlane, ed. CRC Press. Ann Arbor. 1995. Page28

• Conway, P. Microbial ecology of the human large intestine. In: Human Colonic Bacteria. Role in Nutrition, Physiology, and Pathology. Gibson and MacFarlane, ed. CRC Press. Ann Arbor. 1995. Pages 1-24

DIGESTIVE DISORDERS

• Increased Urinary Excretion of Analogs of Krebs Cycle Metabolites and Arabinose in Two Brothers with Autistic Features

• A peptide found in schizophrenia and Autism causes behavioral changes in rats

• Fungal Pathogens - The Changing Scene

• B-casomorphin induces Fos-like immunoreactivity in discrete brain regions relevant to schizophrenia and autism

• A naturally occurring opioid peptide from cow’s milk, beta casomorphine-7 is a direct histamine releaser in man

• Immunologically mediated damage to the intestinal mucosa

• The gut’s role in metabolism, mucosal barrier function, and gut immunology

• Nutrition and the immune system of the gut

• Gastrointestinal manifestations of primary immunodeficiency disorders

• Chronic Mycoplasmal Infections in Gulf War Veterans’ Children and Autism Patients

• Autistic disorder and gastrointestinal disease

• Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism

• Mycoplasmal infections in Chronic Illness: Fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, HIV-AIDS and Rheumatoid Arthritis

HORMONE TESTING

• Percutaneous administration of progesterone: blood levels and endometrial protection Stanczyk FZ, et al. Menopause (2005), 12(2): 232-237.

• Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre- and postmenopausal women. O'Leary P, et al. Clin Endo (2005) 53: 615-620.

• A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women. Carey BJ, et al. British J Obstetrics and Gynecology (2000) 107:722-726.

• Topical progesterone cream has an antiproliferative effect on estrogen-stimulated endometrium Leonetti HB, et al. Fertility and Sterility (2003) 79:221-2.

• Micronized transdermal progesterone and endometrial response Wren BG, et al. Lancet (1999) 354: 1447-8.

• Hormones in Saliva Vining RF and McGinley RA. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences. (1986) 23(2):95-146.

• Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum Vining RF, et al. Ann Clin Biochem (1983) 20:329-35.

• Influences of percutaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone on human breast epithelial cell cycle in vivo Chang KJ, et al. Fertil Steril (1995) 63(4):785-91.

• Salivary cortisol determined by enzyme immunoassay is preferable to serum total cortisol for assessment of dynamic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity Gozansky WS, et al. Clin Endocrin (2005) 63:336-341.

• Direct assay for progesterone in saliva: comparison with a direct serum assay Webley GE, Edwards R. Ann Clin Biochem (1985) 22:579-585.

• Human Erythrocyte Membrane Uptake of Progesterone and Chemical Alterations Devenuto F, et al. Biochem. Biophys. Acta (1969) 193:36-47.

• Saliva as a Medium for Investigating Intra- and Interindividual Differences in Sex Hormone Levels in Premenopausal Women Peter H. Gann, Susan Giovanazzi, Linda Van Horn, Amy Branning, and Robert T. Chatterton, Jr. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. Vol. 10, 59-64, January 2001.

• Validation of salivary testosterone as a screening test for male hypogonadism Morley, J et al. The Aging Male. September 2006; 9(3): 165-169.

• Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels Ahn RS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Kwon HB, Chun SI. Yonsei Med J. 2007 Jun 30;48(3):379-88.

• Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone in relation to puberty and gender>Netherton C, Goodyer I, Tamplin A, Herbert J. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Feb;29(2):125-40.

• Salivary Sex Hormone Measurement in a National, Population-based Study of Older Adults Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov; 64 Suppl 1:i94-105.

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

• Shaw, W. Possible synergistic effects of nonesterified fatty acids and lysolecithins, a toxic methionine metabolite, and ammonia in the production of hepatic encephalopathy and schizophrenia. Orthomolecular Medicine. 1988.3: 87.

• Shaw, W. Possible role of lysolecithins and nonesterified fatty acids in the pathogenesis of Reye's syndrome, sudden infant death syndrome, acute pancreatitis, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Clin. Chem. 1985. 31:1109.

• Alvarez, X.A., Mouzo, R., Pichel, V., Pérez P., et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled study with citicoline in APOE genotyped Alzheimer's disease patients. Effects on cognitive performance, brain bioelectrical activity and cerebral perfusion. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999 Nov;21(9):633-44.

• Fioravanti, M. and Yanagi, M. Cytidinediphosphocholine (CDP-choline) for cognitive and behavioural disturbances associated with chronic cerebral disorders in the elderly. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD000269.

• Rosenson, R.S. and Gelb, M.H. Secretory phospholipase A2: A multifaceted family of proatherogenic enzymes. Current Cardiology Reports 2009, 11:445–451.

• Farooqui, A.A., Ong, W., and Horrocks, L.A. Inhibitors of brain phospholipase A2 activity: Their neuropharmacological effects and therapeutic importance for the treatment of neurologic disorders. Pharmacol Rev 58:591–620, 2006

• Wang, M., Hao, F.Y., J.G. Wang, and Xiao, W. Group IIa secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2IIa)and progression in patients with lung cancer. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2014; 18: 2648-2654

• Pniewska, E., Sokolowska, M., Kupry-Lipinska, I., et al. The step further to understand the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2 alpha and group X secretory phospholipase A2 in allergic Inflammation: pilot study. Biomed Red Int. Volume 2014, Article ID 670814, 9 pages

• Touqui, L. and Alaoui-El-Azher, M. Mammalian secreted phospholipases A2 and their pathophysiological significance in inflammatory diseases. Current Molecular Medicine 2001, 1, 739-754 739

• Putignano, S., Gareri, P., Castagna, A., et al. Retrospective and observational study to assess the efficacy of citicoline(CDP-choline) in elderly patients suffering from stupor related to complex geriatric syndrome. Clinical Interventions in Aging 2012:7 113–118.

• Farooqui, A.A. and Horrocks, L.A. Phospholipase A2-generated lipid mediators in the brain: The good, the bad, and the ugly. The Neuroscientist, Vol. 12, No. 3, 245-260 (2006)

• Mahmoudabadi, A.Z., Zarrin, M., and Miry, S. Phospholipase activity of Candida albicans isolated from vagina and urine samples. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2010; 3(4): 169-73.

• Bell , J.G., MacKinlay , E.E., Dick, J.R., et al. Essential fatty acids and phospholipase A-2 in autistic spectrum disorders. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids Volume 71, Issue 4 , October 2004, Pages 201-204

• Tavares, H., Yacubian, J., Talib, L.L., et al. Increased phospholipase A2 activity in schizophrenia with absent response to niacin. Schizophr Res. 2003 May 1;61(1):1-6.

• Ross, B.M. , Hughes, B. , Kish, S.J. , and Warsh, J.J. Serum calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity in bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2006 Jun;8(3):265-70.

• Eckert, G.P. , Schaeffer, E.L., Schmitt, A., et al. Increased brain membrane fluidity in schizophrenia. Pharmacopsychiatry 2011 Jun;44(4):161-2.

• Titsworth, W.L., Liu, N.K., and Xu, X.M. Role of Secretory phospholipase A2 in CNS inflammation: Implications in traumatic spinal cord injury. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2008 June ; 7(3): 254–269

• Singh, M., Kapoor, A., Bhatnagar, A. (2015) Oxidative and reductive metabolism of lipid-peroxidation derived carbonyls. Chemico-Biological Interactions.

• Folsom, AN; Gwin KH; Ilich J. (2012) Zinc as a Modulator of Chronic, Inflammatory Intestinal Disorders with Focus on Celiac Disease, Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome and Crohn’s Disease. J Nutr Food Sci. 2: 116.

• Simopoulos AP. (2002). The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 56 (8): 365-379.

• Adibhatla RM and Hatcher JF. (2005). Cytidine 5’-Diphosphocholine (CDP-Choline) in Stroke and Other CNS Disorders. Neurochemical Research. 30: 15-23.

• Tuthill R. (1996) Hair lead levels related to children’s classroom attention-deficit behavior. Archives of Environmental Health. 51: 214-225.

• Drisko J, Bischoff B, Hall M, McCallum R. Treating irritable bowel syndrome with a food elimination diet followed by food challenge and probiotics. (2006). J Am Coll Nutr. 25 (6): 514-522.

OXALATES

• Kohmani EF. Oxalic acid in foods and its behavior and fate in the diet. Journal of Nutrition. (1939) 18(3):233-246,1939

• Tsao G. Production of oxalic acid by a wood-rotting fungus. Appl Microbiol. (1963) May; 11(3): 249-254.

• Takeuchi H, Konishi T, Tomoyoshi T. Observation on fungi within urinary stones. Hinyokika Kiyo. (1987) May;33(5):658-61.

• Lee SH, Barnes WG, Schaetzel WP. Pulmonary aspergillosis and the importance of oxalate crystal recognition in cytology specimens. Arch Pathol Lab Med. (1986) Dec;110(12):1176-9.

• Muntz FH. Oxalate-producing pulmonary aspergillosis in an alpaca. Vet Pathol. (1999) Nov;36(6):631-2.

• Loewus FA, Saito K, Suto RK, Maring E. Conversion of D-arabinose to D-erythroascorbic acid and oxalic acid in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1995) Jul 6;212(1):196-203.

• Fomina M, Hillier S, Charnock JM, Melville K, Alexander IJ, Gadd GM. Role of oxalic acid overexcretion in transformations of toxic metal minerals by Beauveria caledonica. Appl Environ Microbiol. (2005) Jan;71(1):371-81.

• Ruijter GJG, van de Vondervoort PJI, Visser J. Oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger: an oxalate-non-producing mutant produces citric acid at pH 5 and in the presence of manganese. Microbiology (1999) 145, 2569–2576.

• Ghio AJ, Peterseim DS, Roggli VL, Piantadosi CA. Pulmonary oxalate deposition associated with Aspergillus niger infection. An oxidant hypothesis of toxicity. Am Rev Respir Dis. (1992) Jun;145(6):1499-502.

• Takeuchi H, Konishi T, Tomoyoshi T. Detection by light microscopy of Candida in thin sections of bladder stone. Urology. (1989) Dec;34(6):385-7.

• Ghio AJ, Roggli VL, Kennedy TP, Piantadosi CA. Calcium oxalate and iron accumulation in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. (2000) Jun;17(2):140-50.

• Ott SM, Andress DL, Sherrard DJ. Bone oxalate in a long-term hemodialysis patient who ingested high doses of vitamin C. Am J Kidney Dis. (1986) Dec;8(6):450-4.

• Hall BM, Walsh JC, Horvath JS, Lytton DG. Peripheral neuropathy complicating primary hyperoxaluria. J Neurol Sci. (1976) Oct;29(2-4):343-9.

• Sahin G, Acikalin MF, Yalcin AU. Erythropoietin resistance as a result of oxalosis in bone marrow. Clin Nephrol. (2005) May;63(5):402-4.

• Sarma AV, Foxman B, Bayirli B, Haefner H, Sobel JD. Epidemiology of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: an exploratory case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. (1999) Oct;75(5):320-6.

• http://wisewitch.blogspot.com/2006/07/guaifenesinfibromyalgia-and-oxalates.html

• http://www.vulvarpainfoundation.org/Lowoxalatetreatment.htm

• Fishbein GA, Micheletti RG, Currier JS, Singer E, Fishbein MC. Atherosclerotic oxalosis in coronary arteries. Cardiovasc Pathol. (2008) ; 17(2): 117–123.

• Levin RI, PW Kantoff, EA Jaffe. Uremic levels of oxalic acid suppress replication and migration of human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (1990), 10:198-207

• Di Pasquale G, Ribani M, Andreoli A, Angelo Zampa G, Pinelli G. Cardioembolic stroke in primary oxalosis with cardiac involvement. Stroke (1989), 20:1403-1406.

• Ziolkowski F, Perrin DD. Dissolution of urinary stones by calcium-chelating agents: A study using a model system. Invest Urol. (1977) Nov;15(3):208-11.

• Burns JR, Cargill JG 3rd. Kinetics of dissolution of calcium oxalate calculi with calcium-chelating irrigating solutions. J Urol. (1987) Mar;137(3):530-3.

• Kaminishi H, Hagihara Y, Hayashi S, Cho T. Isolation and characteristics of collagenolytic enzyme produced by Candida albicans. Infect Immun. (1986) August; 53(2): 312–316.

• Shirane Y, Kurokawa Y, Miyashita S, Komatsu H, Kagawa S. Study of inhibition mechanisms of glycosaminoglycans on calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals by atomic force microscopy. Urol Res. (1999) Dec; 27(6):426-31.

• Chetyrkin SV, Kim D, Belmont JM, Scheinman JI, Hudson BG, Voziyan PA. Pyridoxamine lowers kidney crystals in experimental hyperoxaluria: a potential therapy for primary hyperoxaluria. Kidney Int. (2005) Jan;67(1):53-60.

• Morrison C. Ditch healthy berries to beat muscle pain: The eating plan that helped me cure my aches and pains. The Daily Mail Online. August 13, 2012. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2187890/Ditch-healthy-berries-beat-muscle-pain-The-eating-plan-helped-cure-aches-pains.html. (Accessed November 21, 2014)

METAL TOXICITY

• Interaction of methylmercury compounds with albumin

• Disposition of toxic metals in the agricultural food chain

• Metabolism and Toxicity of Cadmium, Mercury, and Lead in Animals: A Review

• Exposure to toxic elements via breast milk

• Milk transfer and tissue uptake of mercury in suckling offspring after exposure of lactating maternal guinea pigs to inorganic or methylmercury

• Thimerosal in Childhood Vaccines, Neurodevelopment Disorders, and Heart Disease in the United States

• Human Milk as a Source of Methylmercury Exposure in Infants

• Neurodevelopmental Disorders after Thimerisol-Containing Vaccines: A Brief Communication

• Molecular and Ionic mimicry of toxic metals

• Mercury and Selenium Interaction: A Review

• Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Maternal Rh-Negativity, and Rho(D) Immune Globulins: A Multi-Center Assessment

TOXIC CHEMICALS

Glyphosate:

• Bradberry SM, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA. Glyphosate poisoning. Toxicol Rev. 2004;23(3):159-67.

• Mesnage R et al. Major pesticides are more toxic to human cells than their declared active principles. Biomed Res Int. 2014: 179691

• Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases II: Celiac sprue and gluten intolerance. Interdiscip Toxicol. 2013;6:159-184.

• Samsel A, Seneff S. Glyphosate, pathways to modern diseases III: Manganese, neurological diseases, and associated pathologies. Surg Neurol Int. 2015; 6: 45.

• https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/detection-of-glyphosate-residues-in-animals-and-humans-2161-0525.1000210.pdf

• Barbosa ER, Leiros da Costa MD, Bacheschi LA, Scaff M, Leite CC. Parkinsonism after glycine-derivative exposure. Mov Disord. 2001. 16: 565-568.

• Mesnage R, Defarge N, Spiroux de Vendômois J, Séralini GE. Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits. Food Chem Toxicol. 2015 Oct;84:133-53.

• Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Grosse Y et al. Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate. Lancet Oncol. 2015 May;16(5):490-1

• Shehata AA, Schrödl W, Aldin AA, Hafez HM, Krüger M. The effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. Curr Microbiol. 2013 Apr;66(4):350-8.

• Jayasumana C, Gunatilake S, Siribaddana S. Simultaneous exposure to multiple heavy metals and glyphosate may contribute to Sri Lankan agricultural nephropathy. BMC Nephrology 2015;16:103. doi 10.1186/s12882-015-0109-2

• Jayasumana C, Gunatilake S, Senanayake P. Glyphosate, hard water and nephrotoxic metals: Are they the culprits behind the epidemic of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology in Sri Lanka? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014;11:2125-2147.

• Clair E et al. Effects of Roundup® and glyphosate on three food microorganisms: Geotrichum candidum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Curr Microbiol. 2012;64: 486-491.

• DeWolf WE Jr. Inactivation of dopamine beta-hydroxylase by p-cresol: isolation and characterization of covalently modified active site peptides. Biochemistry. 1988;27: 9093-9101.

• Swanson NL, Leu A, Abrahamson J, and Wallet B. Genetically engineered crops, glyphosate and the deterioration of health in the United States of America. Journal of Organic Systems. 2014; 9(2):6- 37.

• Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides Industry Sales & Usage. 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates. Accessed July 15, 2015.

• Shehata AA et al. The effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. Curr. Microbiol. 2013;66: 350-358.

• Larsen K et al. Effects of sublethal exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide formulation on metabolic activities of different xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rats. Int J Toxicol. 2014;33: 307-318.

• Shaw, W. Elevated urinary glyphosate and Clostridia metabolites with altered dopamine metabolism in triplets with two of the three having an autistic spectrum disorder and the other a suspected seizure disorder: a case study with potential implications to autism. Integrative Medicine Clinical Journal. Feb-March 16:50-57, 2017.

Phthalates:

• Silva MJ, et al. Improved quantitative detection of 11 urinary phthalate metabolites in humans using liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 789:393-404, 2003.

• Silva MJ, et al. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000. Environ Health Perspect 112:331-338, 2004.

• Silva MJ, et al. Analysis of human urine for fifteen phthalate metabolites using automated solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 805:161-167, 2004.

• Adibi JJ, et al. Prenatal exposures to phthalates among women in New York City and Krakow, Poland. Environ Health Perspect. 111:1719-22, 2003.

• Ritter, EJ, et al. Teratogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and valproic acid, and potentiation by caffeine. Teratology 35 (1):41-6, 1987

• Ormond, G, et al. Endocrine disruptors in the workplace, hair spray, folate supplementation, and risk of hypospadias: Case control study. Environ Health Perspect 117(2): 303–307, 2009.

Organophosphates:

• Eskenazi B, et al. Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Young Mexican-American Children. Environ Health Perspect 115:792–798 (2007).

• Eskenazi B, et al. Association of in utero organophosphate pesticide exposure and fetal growth and length of gestation in an agricultural population. Environ Health Perspect112:1116–1124, 2004.

• Windham, GC, et al. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco bay area. Environ. Health Perspect., 114:1438-1444, 2006.

• Laslo-Baker D, et al. Child neurodevelopmental outcome and maternal occupational exposure to solvents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:956–961, 2004.

• Windham GC, Osorio AM, et al. Female reproductive toxicology. In: Occupational and Environmental Medicine (LaDou J, ed). 3rd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, Inc, 397–413, 2004.

• Roberts, EM, et al. Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders among Children in the California Central Valley. Environ Health Perspect 115:1482–1489, 2007.

• D’Amelio M, et al. Paraoxonase gene variants are associated with autism in North America, but not in Italy: possible regional specificity in gene-environment interactions. Mol Psychiatry 10(11):1006–1016, 2005.

• Sergiu P, et al. High levels of homocysteine and low serum paraoxonase 1 arylesterase activity in children with autism. Life Sciences 78 (2006) 2244-2248.

• McCully, et al. Chemical pathology of homocysteine. II. Carcinogenesis and homocysteine thiolactone metabolism Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 24: 27-59,1994.

• Boris, M, et al. Association of MTHFR Gene Variants with Autism. Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons 9:106-108, 2004.

• Brown, TP, et al. Pesticides and Parkinson’s disease – is there a link? Environmental Health Perspect 114(2): 156–164, 2006.

Other Toxic Chemical References:

• Anderson ME, Kirkland KH, Guidotti TL, Rose C. (2006). A Case Study of tire crumb use on playgrounds: risk analysis and communication when major clinical knowledge gaps exist. Environ Health Perspect. 114: 1-3.

• Brown DR. (2007) "Artificial Turf". Environment & Human Health, Inc.

• Perera FP, Chang HW, Tang D, Roen EL, Herbstman J, Margolis A, Huang TJ, Miller RL, Wang S, and Rauh V. (2014) Early-life exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ADHD behavior problems. PLos One. 9: e111670.

• Zhang JJ, Han IK, Zhang L, and Crain W. (2008). Hazardous chemicals in synthetic turf materials and their bioaccessiblity in digestive fluids. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 18: 600-607.

• Legler, J., Fletcher T., Govarts E., Porta M., Blumberg B., Heindel JJ., Transande L. (2015) Obesity, diabetes, and associated costs of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the European Union. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100: 1278-88.

• Chopra V., Harley K., Lahiff M., and Eskenazi B. (2014) Association between phthalates and attention deficit disorder and learning disability in US children, 6-15 years. Enviorn Res. 128: 64-9

• Moretto A. and Colosio C. (2011). Biochemical and toxicological evidence of neurological effects of pesticides: the example of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotoxicology. 32: 383-91.

• Elwan MA., Richardson JR., Guillot TS., Caudle MW., and Miller GW. (2006) Pyrethroid pesticide-induced alterations in dopamine transporter function. Toxiocol Appl Pharmacol. 211: 199-97.

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• Heck JE., Park AS., Qiu J., Cockburn M., and Ritz B. (2014) Risk of leukemia in relation to exposure to ambient air toxics in pregnancy and early childhood. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 217: 662-668.

Mitochondrial Disorders:

• Poling JS, Frye RE, Zimmerman AW, et al. Developmental regression and mitochondrial dysfunction in a child with autism. J Child Neurol 2006;21(2):170-172.

• Oliveira G, Diogo L, Oliveira CR, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: A population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005; 49 (10):726-733.

• Nissenkorn A, Zeharia A, Lev D, et al. Multiple presentation of mitochondrial disorders. Arch Dis Child 1999;81:209–214.

• Weissman JR, et al. Mitochondrial Disease in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Patients: A Cohort Analysis. PLoS ONE 3(11): e3815. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003815, 2008.

• Gibson KM, Elpeleg ON, Jakobs C, Costeff H, Kelley RI. Multiple syndromes of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Pediatr Neurol. 1993 Mar-Apr;9(2):120-3.

• Rossignol DA, Bradstreet JJ. Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism and Implications for Treatment Am J of Biochem Biotech 4(2): 208-217, 2008.

• Filiano JJ, Goldenthal MJ, Rhodes CH, Marin-Garcia J. Mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with hypotonia, epilepsy, autism, and developmental delay: HEADD syndrome. J Child Neurol., 17:435-439, 2002.

• Pons R, Andreu AL, Checcarelli N, et al. Mitochondrial DNA abnormalities and autistic spectrum disorders. J. Pediatr., 144:81-85.

• Serajee FJ, Zhang H, Huq AH. Prevalence of common mitochondrial point mutations in autism. Neuropediatrics, 37 (Suppl 1):S127, 2006.

• Weissman JR, Kelley RI, Bauman ML, Cohen BH, Murray KF, et al. (2008) Mitochondrial Disease in Autism Spectrum Disorder Patients: A Cohort Analysis. PLoS ONE 3(11): e3815. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003815.

• González L, et al. Endoscopic, histologic, and immunologic characteristics of the digestive mucosa in autistic children with gastrointestinal symptoms. Archivos Venezolanos de Puericultura y Pediatria. 2005;69(1):19-25.

• Windham GC, Zhang L, Gunier R, Croen LA, Grether JK. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous air pollutants in the San Francisco bay area. Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Sep;114(9):1438-44.

• Gash DM, et al. Trichloroethylene: Parkinsonism and complex 1 mitochondrial neurotoxicity. Ann Neurol. 2008 Feb;63(2):184-92.

• Freed DM, Kandel E. Long-term occupational exposure and the diagnosis of dementia. Neurotoxicology 1988 ;9(3):391-400.

• Bennett MJ, Powell S, Swartling DJ, Gibson KM. Tiglylglycine Excreted in Urine in Disorders of Isoleucine Metabolism and the Respiratory Chain Measured by Stable Isotope Dilution GC-MS. Clin. Chem. Vol. 40, No. 10, 1994 1879-1883.

• Ibel H, Endres W, Hadorn HB, Deufel T, Paetzke I, Duran M, Kennaway NG, Gibson KM. Multiple respiratory chain abnormalities associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. Eur J Pediatr. 1993 Aug; 152(8):665-70.

• Gibson KM, Elpeleg ON, Jakobs C, Costeff H, Kelley RI. Multiple syndromes of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria Pediatr Neurol. 1993 Mar-Apr;9(2):120-3.

• Scaglia F, Sutton VR, Bodamer OA, Vogel H, Shapira SK, Naviaux RK, Vladutiu GD. Mitochondrial DNA depletion associated with partial complex II and IV deficiencies and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. J Child Neurol. 2001 Feb;16(2):136-8.

• Barshop B. Metabolomic approaches to mitochondrial disease: correlation of urine organic acids. Mitochondrion 4: 521-527, 2004.

• What’s Wrong in Toms River? By Sucato K. The New York Times, Sunday, December 16, 2001, Section 14NJ page 1 of the New York edition.

• Olick D, reporter. CBS Evening News: Town Mulls Autism Mystery. Thursday, January 21, 1999. Copyright 1999, CBS Worldwide Inc.

mycotoxins

• De Santis B1, Brera C1, Mezzelani A2, et al. Role of mycotoxins in the pathobiology of autism: A first evidence. Nutr Neurosci 2017 Aug 10:1-13. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1357793

• Marabott A, Landini M, Mezzelani A, et al. Identification of molecular targets for mycotoxins related To autism development. EMBnet.journal, [S.l.], v. 18, p. pp. 118-119, apr. 2012. ISSN 2226-6089. Available at: <http://journal.embnet.org/index.php/embnetjournal/article/view/450>. Date accessed: 06 Sep. 2017. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14806/ej.18.A.450.

• Richard, J. L. Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses--an overview. Int J Food Microbiol 2007, 119, 3-10.

• Guilford, F. T.; Hope, J. Deficient glutathione in the pathophysiology of mycotoxin-related illness. Toxins (Basel) 2014, 6, 608-623.

• Thrasher, J. D.; Gray, M. R.; Kilburn, K. H.; Dennis, D. P.; Yu, A. A water-damaged home and health of occupants: a case study. J Environ Public Health 2012, 2012, 312836.

• Kimura, R.; Hayashi, Y.; Takeuchi, T.; Shimizu, M.; Iwata, M.; Tanahashi, J.; Ito, M. Pasteurella multocida septicemia caused by close contact with a domestic cat: case report and literature review. J Infect Chemother 2004, 10, 250-252.

• Jiang, Y.; Jolly, P. E.; Preko, P.; Wang, J. S.; Ellis, W. O.; Phillips, T. D.; Williams, J. H. Aflatoxin-related immune dysfunction in health and in human immunodeficiency virus disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2008, 2008, 790309.

• Boorman, G. A.; Hong, H. L.; Dieter, M. P.; Hayes, H. T.; Pohland, A. E.; Stack, M.; Luster, M. I. Myelotoxicity and macrophage alteration in mice exposed to ochratoxin A. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1984, 72, 304-312.

• Thuvander, A.; Funseth, E.; Breitholtz-Emanuelsson, A.; Hallen, I. P.; Oskarsson, A. Effects of ochratoxin A on the rat immune system after perinatal exposure. Nat Toxins 1996, 4, 141-147.

• Doi, K.; Uetsuka, K. Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress-associated pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2011, 12, 5213-5237.

• Wang, J.; Fitzpatrick, D. W.; Wilson, J. R. Effects of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin on neurotransmitters and metabolites in discrete areas of the rat brain. Food Chem Toxicol1998, 36, 947-953.

• Dutton, M. F. Fumonisins, mycotoxins of increasing importance: their nature and their effects. Pharmacol Ther 1996, 70, 137-161.

• Fukui, Y.; Hayasaka, S.; Itoh, M.; Takeuchi, Y. Development of neurons and synapses in ochratoxin A-induced microcephalic mice: a quantitative assessment of somatosensory cortex. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1992, 14, 191-196.

• Belmadani, A.; Tramu, G.; Betbeder, A. M.; Steyn, P. S.; Creppy, E. E. Regional selectivity to ochratoxin A, distribution and cytotoxicity in rat brain. Arch Toxicol 1998, 72, 656-662.

• Behrens, M.; Huwel, S.; Galla, H. J.; Humpf, H. U. Blood-Brain Barrier Effects of the Fusarium Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol, 3 Acetyldeoxynivalenol, and Moniliformin and Their Transfer to the Brain. PLoS One 2015, 10, e0143640.

• Page, K.; Lopez, A.; Normand, E.; Blachorsky, L.; Nassimi, N.; Adams, N.; Roa, T.; Pytte, C.; Harding, C. 50. Exposure to environmental mold affects interleukin-1β expression and survival of newborn neurons. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2014, 40, e15.

• Empting, L. D. Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure. Toxicol Ind Health 2009, 25, 577-581.

• Hodgson, M. J.; Morey, P.; Leung, W. Y.; Morrow, L.; Miller, D.; Jarvis, B. B.; Robbins, H.; Halsey, J. F.; Storey, E. Building-associated pulmonary disease from exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor. J Occup Environ Med 1998, 40, 241-249.

• Galtier, P. Pharmacokinetics of ochratoxin A in animals. IARC Sci Publ 1991, 187-200.

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• Bondy, G. S.; Pestka, J. J. Immunomodulation by fungal toxins. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 2000, 3, 109-143.

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• Engelhart, S.; Loock, A.; Skutlarek, D.; Sagunski, H.; Lommel, A.; Farber, H.; Exner, M. Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002, 68, 3886-3890.

• Zinedine, A.; Soriano, J. M.; Molto, J. C.; Manes, J. Review on the toxicity, occurrence, metabolism, detoxification, regulations and intake of zearalenone: an oestrogenic mycotoxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2007, 45, 1-18.

• Bata, A.; Harrach, B.; Ujszaszi, K.; Kis-Tamas, A.; Lasztity, R. Macrocyclic trichothecene toxins produced by Stachybotrys atra strains isolated in Middle Europe. Appl Environ Microbiol1985, 49, 678-681.

• Follmann, W.; Behm, C.; Degen, G. H. The emerging Fusarium toxin enniatin B: in-vitro studies on its genotoxic potential and cytotoxicity in V79 cells in relation to other mycotoxins. Mycotoxin Res 2009, 25, 11-19.

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